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Due to the high degree of vocational specificity and standardization, firms can rely on the acquired occupation-specific qualifications when filling vacant posts (Müller and Shavit 1998; Kerckhoff 2001; Wolter et al. 2006).
On the one hand, educational opportunities depend on and are provided by the organization of a specific educational system, i.e., the degree of stratification, standardization, vocational specificity, and permeability.
Firstly, in a country with high standardisation of VET, where high vocational specificity and transparency of skills allows employers to rely on credentials of occupation-specific skills (see Müller and Shavit [1998]: 6–7), one may argue that employers will not further base their hiring and wage-setting decisions on the young applicants' short and uninformative work histories.
In countries with a high degree of stratification and vocational specificity, a close relationship is observed between social origin and educational attainment, while intergenerational educational mobility is comparatively low (Pfeffer 2008; Müller and Kogan 2010; Falter and Wendelspiess Chávez Juárez 2011; Jann and Combet 2012; Falcon 2012; Becker and Zangger 2013; Samuel et al. 2014).
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Characteristics of education systems such as stratification and standardization (Allmendinger [1989]), linkages with the labor market (Hannan et al. [1996]), and the occupational specificity of vocational education (Müller and Shavit [1998]) are also important.
Compared to the dual system, full-time school-based vocational training is far more subject to institutional specificities: An intermediate school degree often represents the minimum requirement (Dobischat 2010).
37), treats the specificity of politics as a matter not of distinct vocational expertise but of the requirements of a "second-best" (739a) city, one in which the ideal regime of Kallipolis requiring an absence of private property for the guardians is not followed.
The German vocational training system is characterized by a relatively high degree of standardization and occupational specificity, which in general is associated with structured and smooth education-to-work-transitions (Allmendinger 1989; Shavit and Müller 2000).
Vocational training?
First, specificity.
Relay is a vocational school.
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