Dependent variables included maximum expiratory pressure (MEP), Voice Handicap Index (VHI) score, Vocal Rating Scale (VRS) score, Voice Effort Scale score, phonetogram measures, subglottal pressures, and acoustic and perceptual measures.
Bucks modulate the rate of their vocal displays depending on the audience as a possible intrasexual threat signal [ 35, 36], and they perceive higher vocal rates as more threatening than lower rates [ 37].
To determine whether the vocal interaction rate during a chase was significantly different from the rate outside the chase, a Mann–Whitney U-test was performed.
Vocal interaction rate is higher during chases than outside chases for male-initiated vocal interactions (p < 10−21).
Vocal interaction rate during a chase was determined by dividing the number of vocal interactions in a chase by the duration of the chase.
Our observation that the vocal interaction rate increased during chases suggests that both males and females actively participate in courtship displays.
Vocal interaction rate outside a chase was determined by dividing the number vocal interactions outside a chase by the difference between the time of the chase and the one-minute window surrounding the onset of the chase.
The most successful duo in country music history, Brooks and Dunn have taken hard-edged cowboy music to new commercial heights thanks to fiery vocals, first-rate rock musicianship and country-boy soul.
These manipulated vocal qualities were rated by three experienced voice clinicians who demonstrated higher levels of intrajudge consistency and interjudge agreement when identifying rather than quantifying the degree of a voice quality based on their visual and auditory perceptions of the different vocal features.
> -wrap-foot> ST = Short-term, LT = Long-term, Vocal = Vocal attractiveness rating, Content = Content attractiveness rating, F0-SD = F0 variation, D f = Formant dispersion * p < .10, ** p < .05, *** p < .01, **** p < .001 There was a significant decrease in F0-SD from control (M = 12.9) to courtship recording (M = 11.6; two-tailed paired t-test: t110 = 3.76, p < 0.001).
