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Because anurans are not vocal learners, their vocalizations are generally assumed to have a strong genetic component.
Nonlinear components such as subharmonics, frequency jumps and deterministic chaos have been described in the vocalizations of several species, both vocal learners (zebra finch: [30]) and non-vocal learners (rhesus macaque:[25], pig: [31]; frog Amolops torotus: [32]).
Songbirds, however, are vocal learners.
They are vocal learners, like parrots and humans.
Both species are vocal learners, with the ability to imitate sounds.
Vocal learning is rare in the animal kingdom; not even the primates that are our closest evolutionary relatives are vocal learners.
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The anterior forebrain pathway, once thought to be exclusive to the vocal learner, is found in a less specialized form in the non-vocal learner.
We next investigated the Anna's hummingbird (Calypte anna), a known vocal learner [48].
Comparative analyses among vocal learning and non-learning mammals [10], [100], [101] and between mammals and birds [10], [102], with humans being the only vocal learner for which cerebral vocal (speech) brain regions are known, indicate some analogies between humans and vocal learning birds [10].
Our results indicate an robust relationship between acoustic similarity and genetic relatedness, even after partialling out the effect of body size, in a group of non-vocal learners whose vocalizations are fairly diverse, from the quasi-mechanical trills typical of many Bufo species to the whistle-like calls of Leptodactylus[ 23].
Therefore, comparisons of vocal versus non-vocal learners and simple versus complex calls reveal the nature of emotional involvement in different forms of vocal communication.
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