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This underscored the fact that vocal instability and alteration in speech flow in normal aging is different from that observed in older ADSD subjects.
This is a striking finding, given the results of others who showed that physiological aging and health status (Ramig and Ringel 1983) and systemic conditions affecting the aged, such as atherosclerosis (Orlikoff 1990), contributed significantly to vocal instability and depreciated voice quality, when analyzed with regard to the performance of all younger cohorts studied.
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Among all possible models for vocal tract instability, changes in the cross section of the vocal tract segment above the pharynx have been simulated, hence modeling instabilities in the jaw position.
It differs from voice amplitude and frequency perturbations in that while these are random and fast deviations from stable underlying values of amplitude and fundamental frequency, vocal tremor involves an instability in such values [2].
Tremor induced by instabilities in vocal fold adduction has a similar behavior (Figure 6) but with (overline {sigma }_{f}) reaching values similar to (overline {sigma }_{A}) in some cases.
Jitter is caused by instability in the vocal fold vibrations.
If genetically diverse individuals experience less physiological stress or developmental instability in their vocal apparatus, a correlation between genetic diversity and the ability to produce high-pitched notes could arise in ocellated antbirds.
This indicates a greater instability of the vocal tract configuration in UVFP during phonation.
According to Lee et al. [ 15] the standard-deviations of the frequency of F1 and F2 have higher values in cases of UVFP indicating a higher instability of the vocal tract configuration during phonation.
Acoustic analysis of the voice aimed at detecting, measuring, or modeling instabilities due to vocal tremor is usually approached by seeking for modulations in the sequence of pitch periods (e.g. [7]).
Increase in the stiffness of vocal cord cover is also observed, leading to instability of the vocal fold vibrations [7].
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