His most problematic vocal area is a middle register that can sound like a coarse, grainy whine when pushed too hard, and a vibrato that wavers uncertainly when he sings softly.
If you want to do this successfully, contact your club's supporters club and suggest your idea to them, if feedback comes back positive then make sure you attend the next game with some of your friends and sit in the vocal area and then sing it.
Anatomical measurements (histology, in-situ hybridization) were performed in the forebrain vocal areas HVC and RA and in a forebrain visual area, the entopallium.
Nevertheless, the subset of genes studied here, which were chosen based on previous knowledge about their expression in vocal areas [22] [27], runs counter the usual positive correlation between sex, gene expression, and neuron numbers of HVC and RA.
During vocalizations, HVC exhibits characteristic sparse firing, which suggests it is a key structure for motor encoding of learned song, and arguably analogous to pre-motor vocal areas in humans.
In consequence, sex-limited patterns of hormone production would be reflected differently in the differentiation of different phenotypic components (neuron numbers versus synapse density) of the vocal areas, if these phenotypic components differ in their hormone-sensitivity.
Vocal learning requires a basal-ganglia forebrain circuit called the anterior forebrain pathway (AFP), the output of which projects to cortical premotor vocal areas (Nottebohm et al., 1976; Bottjer et al., 1984; Scharff and Nottebohm, 1991).
Vocal nuclei and adjacent non-vocal areas were outlined and the average pixel density was calculated using the Photoshop histogram function.
C-fos expression was quantified in several nuclei and their adjacent non-vocal areas in this manner, e.g., the caudal nidopallium under HVC; nonauditory arcopallium next to the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA); nidopallium rostral to lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium (lMAN); caudal striatum immediately caudal to Area X.
We compared the neuroanatomy of vocal control areas in terms of area size and neuron numbers between male and female mates that were observed to defend their territory with dueting in their natural habitat.
Despite the lack of sex differences in the learned song of forest weaver mates, there is a male-biased (male>female) sexual dimorphism in the anatomy and a female-biased (female>male) sexual dimorphism in gene expression within the vocal control areas HVC and RA that is not seen in a visual control area.
