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We observed strong differences between in vitro models, including hiPSC-derived neural progenitors from multiple laboratories.
More recently developed in vitro models, including precision cut lung slices, lung-on-a-chip, organoids and human induced pluripotent stem cells derived cultures, provide novel state-of-the-art alternatives to the conventional in vitro models.
Here, we discuss the direct and indirect evidence for many of the important gradients found in vivo and their successful application to date in bioengineered in vitro models, including organ-on-chip and microfluidic culture devices.
Their antioxidative properties were assessed by examining their capacities in several in vitro models, including superoxide anion and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, rat liver homogenate lipid peroxidation inhibition, PC12 cells protection from oxidative damage, and xanthine oxidase inhibition.
Four compounds (NSC10580, NSC168468, NSC292408, and NSC713048) were tested in additional in vitro models including drug-selected and P-gp-transfected cell line pairs.
As consequence, certain aspects of in vivo granulomas may be different or absent in in vitro models, including intragranulomatous necrosis, accumulation of fibrin and collagen, and presence and distribution of bacilli.
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Rational development of more physiologic in vitro models includes the design of robust and flexible 3D-microtissue-based multi-tissue devices, which allow for tissue tissue interactions.
The in vitro models include the water permeable dialysis tubes or water permeable hollow fibers embedded in cross-linked proteins gels.
In vitro models include cell lines derived from primary IBC tumours; a xenograft murine model has also been developed [ 3, 16].
The advantages of in vitro models include reduced cost, increased control, and that they can provide insights into host-mycobacteria interactions at early stages of granuloma formation.
We highlight the need for improved in vitro modeling, including nerve-on-a-chip technology and the use of computational modeling.
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