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Furthermore, while the contribution of the extra-cellular matrix to the promotion of tumor progression is now appreciated [2], most current in vitro models do not take into account the contribution of stromal collagen into which cells undergoing EMT invade.
In vitro models do allow quantitative assessment of internalization and probing cellular pathways by pharmacological and genetic inhibitors.
In vitro models of cartilage repair have also been developed and can have utility in terms of screening various strategies prior to in vivo validation using animal models; however, in vitro models do not currently provide a direct pathway to clinical use and are not the subject of this review.
At the current state of the art, the in vitro models do not yet allow prediction of absolute transfer rates but they do support the definition of relative transfer rates and can thus help to reduce animal testing by setting priorities for subsequent in vivo testing.
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Though this in vitro model does not fully recapitulate the features of in vivo angiogenesis, it is none-the-less useful for evaluating the response of endothelial cells to angiogenic stimuli.
In vitro models lack cellular heterogeneity whereas in vivo models do not fully reflect human pathology.
While significant insights have been gained using traditional in vivo and in vitro models, existing models do not adequately recapitulate key structure and functions of human DCIS well.
Such in vitro experimental models did not address properly the problem of dual maspin location observed in breast cancer tissues.
Yet, despite the substantive advancements in the use of in vitro models, we do not have a fully effective alternative to the use of in vivo study for the examination of the fundamental processes of this disease in living organisms.
This has been well documented in the drug industry where poor preclinical and clinical safety assessment correlations can be due to in vitro models that do not broadly mimic human metabolism, distribution and toxicity.
Consequently, the physiology of these in vitro and in vivo models do not well represent patients tumors.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com