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However, this was not accompanied by an increase in susceptibility to CTL killing, figure 1 C D, assessed using the flow cytometry based cytotoxicity VITAL assay [21].
CTL cytotoxicity assays were based on the VITAL assay described by Hermans et al. [21] and the FATAL assay described by Sheehy et al. [40].
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After optimisation of the nano-shapes, extensive cellular internalisation studies were conducted to elucidate the effect of geometric CuNPs on uptake rates, in addition to the vital toxicity assays to further understand the cellular effect of geometric CuNPs as a drug delivery system.
After 72 h, cytotoxicity was measured using a modified version of the VITAL-FR assay to asses killing of MHC-deficient K562 target cells versus killing of HLA-A3-transduced K562 cells as negative control target cells.
Previous studies using vital stains to assay for fat stores has produced variable results that are inconsistent with standard biochemical assays [6], [7].
Beside cytotoxicity to BMMs, IpaB efficiently killed human monocyte-derived macrophages and human monocyte-like THP-1 cells differentiated with phorbol myristate acetate but not HeLa cells or HEK293 in a 2-h vital dye exclusion assay.
The nonnaphthalene PAHs were not cytotoxic as determined by a vital dye uptake assay, but the naphthalene compounds were cytotoxic at the higher doses, indicating that the down regulation of GJIC by these naphthalenes could be a consequence of general membrane damage.
quadriceps, m. psoas, m. biceps femoris, diaphragm) were collected for vital and nonvital assays, including hematoxylin and eosin staining, elastic Van Gieson staining and ATPase assays to distinguish type I and type II muscle fibers.
The resultant porous composite scaffold was optimized in composition and strontium content and was characterized via different spectroscopic (infrared and Raman spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), imaging (SEM, μCT), mechanical testing and in vitro methods (fluorescence vital staining, MTT-assay).
This 'in vivo/in vitro technique for assessing cell lysis' (VITAL -Far Red assay has been described elsewhere [ 37].
MY performed behavioral assays, vital dye labeling (DiI), morphometrics, cloning, most of the genotyping, QTL mapping, SN ablation studies, and a part of the shh-injection experiments and analyses, and generated the figures.
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