The anterior intraparietal area AIP is located on the lateral bank of the anterior intraparietal sulcus and contains visually response neurons selective for 3D features of objects, motor-dominant neurons that only respond during grasping, and visuomotor neurons that are activated by grasping and modulated by sight of the object (Sakata et al. 1998).
However, all the constituent cells were classed as visually responsive, indicating response modulation to at least one of the 18 stimuli in our test set (Experimental Procedures).
V1-2 (early visual cortex; average of 103 voxels per subject): All visually responsive voxels (significantly higher response in blocks with visual stimuli compared to fixation blocks) around the posterior tip of the calcarine sulcus.
We investigated 5 regions of interest (ROIs) in each hemisphere of each subject (illustrated for one subject in Figure 1B): V1-2 (early visual cortex; average of 103 voxels per subject): All visually responsive voxels (significantly higher response in blocks with visual stimuli compared to fixation blocks) around the posterior tip of the calcarine sulcus.
Indeed, suprathreshold visually evoked responses have been found to be significantly increased in up with respect to those during down states as reported in a recent paper [39], and this is in agreement with the finding of a positive correlation between the amplitude of visual responses and the preceding value of spontaneously changing membrane potential in visual cortex [24].
Visually responsive embryos change swimming directions in response to short blocks of bright light (Fig. 3A).
By imaging neural activity during behavior and comparing response and non-response trials, we could distinguish highly consistent visually evoked responses from activity specifically associated with the initiation of hunting.
With the new experiments, we now show that STDP rules in vivo can convert a neuron's visually evoked responses from non-spiking to spiking, can increase and diminish existing spiking responses, and can induce a rearrangement of the neurons sub- and suprathreshold responses to stimuli presented at locations surrounding the paired location.
Our results demonstrate that an STDP protocol using less than 50 paired APs can convert a neuron's visually evoked responses from non-spiking to spiking, can increase and diminish existing spiking responses, and can induce a rearrangement of the neurons sub- and suprathreshold responses to stimuli presented at locations surrounding the paired location.
For instance, rTMS at the frequency of 1 Hz applied to the visual cortex of the cat, produced a significant reduction in visually driven responses recorded simultaneously in layer 6 of V1 (the source of the feedback) and in the dLGN [10] (see also methods section).
