For the visual sustained attention task, regional CBF increases (6 12 ml/100 g/min) were detected in the right middle frontal gyrus, the bilateral occipital gyri, and the anterior cingulate/medial frontal gyri.
Fifthly, since there is no information at present on whether the SNP in the ANK3 gene (rs10994336) is a direct functional variant or a tagging SNP, which may reflect the effect of another, as yet unknown, variant which has a direct functional effect on both risk of BD and visual sustained attention.
Figure 3B shows the number of errors made by each group during the basic visual sustained attention task and the number of errors made by each individual patient is displayed in Table 1.
Cortical thinning in the inferior parietal lobe, comprising the supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus, and the adjacent intraparietal sulcus was strongly correlated with worse performance in visual sustained attention (RVP mean latency), semantic verbal fluency (COWAT Animals) and verbal learning and verbal memory (RAVLT A7).
Although there were some differences in the regions of cortical thinning between the two groups, the shared regions of cortical thinning were correlated with neurocognitive deficits in visual sustained attention, semantic verbal fluency and verbal learning and memory that are commonly reported in young people with either psychosis or bipolar disorder.
Of particular note, cortical thinning of the right supramarginal gyrus was correlated with worse performance in visual sustained attention (RVP mean latency, r = 0.30, n = 95, p = 0.004; rVP-A', r = 0.21, n = 96, p = 0.038), semantic verbal fluency (COWAT Animals, r = 0.26, n = 98, p = 0.012) and verbal learning and verbal memory (RAVLT A7, r = 0.24, n = 101, p = 0.017).
Conversely, during migraine with persistent visual aura, sustained visual cortex hyperexcitability was demonstrated with visual evoked magnetic field measurements [ 99].
Using 1H-MR-spectroscopy, migraine patients with visual symptoms and at least one of paraesthesia, paresis, or dysphasia had a significant lactate increase in the visual cortex during sustained visual stimulation, while this was not the case in controls and patients with exclusive visual aura.
In a 1H-MR-spectroscopy study [20] MA+ patients had a significant increase of lactate in the visual cortex during sustained visual stimulation, while this was not the case in HV and MA patients.
Reaction times above 1500 ms (too slow) or below 50 ms (too fast) were excluded during the data analysis of visual search, sustained attention, simple reaction time task.
We also examined whether selective cognitive enhancements with adaptive training extend to other cognitive functions including speed of visual search, sustained attention, IQ, as well as mathematics and reading.
