Altricial avian chicks are entirely dependent on their parents during the growth period, and they generally use visual, posturing or vocal signals to obtain food and/or heat from them (Kilner and Johnstone 1997; Sacchi et al. 2002; Royle et al. 2002).
Dusek et al [ 10] demonstrated differences in visual status between a large group of children with reading difficulties (n = 825) and a clinical control group (n = 328) in terms of visual acuity, ocular posture, accommodation, reading speed and convergence.
Indeed, in a similar paradigm, but with a much larger (63º) one-handed misalignment of tactile targets with visual distractors, posture change did modulate visual tactile congruence effects (Spence, Pavani, & Driver, 2004).
During quiet upright stance, visual stabilization of posture decreases when the target fixation distance increases, which is attributed to decreased angular size of retinal slip induced by body sway [85] [88] and ocular motor signals from the converging eyes involved at a close distance [74], [75].
To prevent automatic object-related cerebral activation during the visual processing of postures, only intransitive postures were selected, i.e., symbolic or meaningless postures which do not imply the handling of objects.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate outcomes of combining the Kestenbaum procedure and posterior fixation suture at the same time on head posture, visual acuity, and ocular deviation for the treatment of infantile horizontal nystagmus with a moderate AHP.
Agreement between PTs and experts for visual observation of posture from photographs is also good for 19 out of 23 posture indices (ICCs from 0.78 to 1.00, see Table 4, third column).
Visual vertical perception, posture and equilibrium are impaired in patients with a unilateral vestibular loss.
For example, visual cues stabilize posture on longer time-scales [41], [42], whereas proprioceptive cues are responsible for short timescale corrections [43].
These results are corroborated by the low level of reliability of these indices in our study and in previous reliability studies on visual observation of posture [ 33- 35].
