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Main Outcome Measures: Visual Numeric Scale (VNS), Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), North American Spine Society Patient Satisfaction Index (PSI), and subsequent surgery.
Main Outcome Measures: Visual numeric pain scale (VNS) for LBP and lower-extremity pain, Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), and North American Spine Society (NASS) patient satisfaction index.
Current to future applications of this work range from automatic indexing of digital images through downloadable software to making true machine vision possible in the future--enabling robots to make sense of visual (numeric) data from their cameras and use this to locate themselves.
Painfulness/intensity was rated on a visual numeric analogue scale from 0 to 100, whereas for unpleasantness rating a bipolar scale from −50 (no sensation) to 50 (very unpleasant) was used.
Patients and caregivers estimated with a visual numeric scale (VNS) tolerance parameters: comfort (0 = maximum discomfort, 10 = perfect comfort), leaks (0 = maximum leaks, 10 = no leak), and communication (0 = no communication, 10 = optimal communication).
Pain measurement was obtained by Visual Numeric Rating Scale (VNRS).
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The package is open-source, is available through the CRAN package repository, includes unit-tests to ensure numerical accuracy, and provides visual and numeric diagnostics.
Words were grouped under various headings: visual, tactile, numeric, locational, abstract, temporal, professional, violent, communal, mental, emotional and social.
Both visual and numeric analyses were used to determine how well the vertebra was registered.
Perhaps a combination of visual and numeric information would provide a suitable compromise.
Pain was assessed in all studies, sleep in two and fatigue and depressed mood in one study each by visual or numeric scales.
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