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The first hypothesis was based on the addition of the motor information associated inherently with the cutaneous and kinesthetic information generated during the visuo-haptic exploration of visual letters.
Finally, the posterior portion of left STG is involved in reading and seems in particular to be critical to aspects of decoding that require mapping of visual letters onto speech sounds [ 44- 46].
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The Visual Letter Monitoring task (VLM) tested visual working memory (Gatehouse et al. 2003).
Marshall et al. [ 22] investigated the influence of direct current on a visual letter working memory task applying bilateral electrodes at fronto-lateral locations.
A prominent assumption is that visual letter information is lost along the left ventral visual pathway resulting in abstract orthographic representations in the most anterior parts [Dehaene et al., 2005].
The main purpose of our study, however, was to investigate whether the fixation-related fMRI approach as implemented by Marsman et al. (2012) for visual object processing would also be suitable for visual letter string processing.
In the present study, we sought to provide more direct evidence for an "enhanced visual analysis" account of the facilitative near-hands effect by examining recognition performance in a visual letter identification task, using response accuracy as the outcome measure.
Most of the neuroimaging research on orthographic processing in left vOT cortex is based on reading or reading-related tasks which present visual letter strings as stimuli (e.g., lexical decision).
For example, a previous research that evaluated the effect of tDCS on a visual letter working memory task reported that anodal stimulation of the left DLPFC increased performance accuracy when compared with sham stimulation (baseline) on the same side [ 20].
In the dynamic condition, participants continuously changed their posture by moving their hands toward and away from the stimulus display in a self-paced, cyclical manner, while concurrently performing the visual letter identification task.
This control task was designed to control for sensory (i.e., presentation of an auditory word followed by a visual letter) and motor components (i.e., yes/no button press response) of the spelling task.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com