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This confirmed the hypothesis that goalkeeper movements are influenced by the limited sensitivity to visual acceleration.
Delaying movement initiation therefore provides the goalkeeper with an indirect way of compensating for his limited sensitivity to visual acceleration.
Goalkeeper movements were found to be influenced by spin direction, reflecting the limited sensitivity to visual acceleration of the human visual system.
Although it has been reported that poor sensitivity to visual acceleration makes it harder for expert goalkeepers to perceptually judge where the curved free-kicks will cross the goal line, it is unknown how this affects the goalkeeper's actual movements.
While it has previously been shown that humans can internalize the effects of gravitational acceleration, these results show that it is much more difficult for goalkeepers to account for spin-induced visual acceleration, which varies from situation to situation.
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For instance if they waited longer before initiating a movement, thus observing the ball trajectory longer [19], they might improve their ability to detect how the ball is curving (e.g., extracting visual ball acceleration from velocity changes over time [20], [21]).
Just as in the case of the estimates of the direction of gravity, also those of visual gravitational acceleration generally depend on a combination of multiple cues, and such combination may obey Bayes' rules.
In a series of fMRI studies [ 7, 38– 40], visual gravitational acceleration (involving either object motion or simulated egomotion) engaged a network of brain regions located within and around the Sylvian fissure close to the temporoparietal junction (TPJ): posterior insular cortex, retroinsula, parietal operculum, supramarginal gyrus, temporal operculum, and superior and middle temporal gyri.
For this argument, they determined the sensitivity of the visual system to acceleration, assuming that acceleration is detected as a velocity ratio.
During teleoperation, operators lack a visual field, the acceleration of the machine, the sound of an engine, and a sense of perspective.
In fact, the visual discrimination of acceleration is about 5 times worse than that of velocity [ 25].
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