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Bidirectional tunnels are established among access routers before actual handover; accordingly mobile users can use their previous care-of address within a new visiting network.
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IP mobility works on the OSI network layer and tries to provide mobile hosts with continuous connectivity to the Internet while traveling from their home networks to foreign visiting networks [3].
Lycos and Bertelsmann now jointly own Lycos Europe, the third-most visited network of Web sites in Germany.
Figure 9 The MN's handover from the home network to the visited network.
Thus, the MN must update its HA on its current visited network (CoA).
It is observed that the DMHP exhibits varying handover latencies, which vary between 0.6 and 1.8 s in the handover from a visited network to the home network and from the home to a visited network, respectively.
Furthermore, all the packets on-the-fly will be lost during the handover process because the new visited network cannot inform the old visited network about the movement of the MN.
Mr Crabb said rail investment was "crucial" to the economy as he visited Network Rail's centre in the city.
On the other hand, the LCoA address is used to make the MNs accessible when the MNs are inside the visited network.
Accordingly, all the MN's packets which are received by the HA are redirected via tunnel to the MN's HoA to its visited network (CoA).
This is because the DMHP communicates with the PoA of the session, that is, the PoA in the home position when the MH moves from the home to a visited network, to redirect the data traffic via the new PoA, that is, the PoA in the visited network.
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