The haze is made up of particulate pollutants, mainly from power plants and motor vehicles, which lower visibility, damage property and are a serious health hazard.
The main requirements of the ship performances, such as cargo hold capacity, propeller and rudder immersion, bridge visibility, damage stability and prevention of pollution etc., are taken as constraints.
Moreover, given the lack of concern about air pollution hazards related with the visibility damage in Europe [ 80], one option would be to consider these costs by using related values based on the USA data.
Though unnoticed in the most of the studies, however, some the USA and Europe based studies [e.g. [ 53] &[ 60]] also estimated air pollution related costs attributed to crop and forest damages, visibility impairment, building damages (the studies reported a huge amount of cost associated with these components) and included with the total cost.
Primary standards are set to protect human health against acute and chronic effects, whereas secondary standards are intended to address a range of environmental impacts, such as climate effects, damage to materials, and visibility impairment.
The resulting smog causes a light brownish coloration of the atmosphere, reduced visibility, plant damage, irritation of the eyes, and respiratory distress.
America's wasteful oil appetite causes a host of problems: degradation of pristine areas, destructive spills, air pollution with reduced visibility and health damage, and acid rain.
A curvature compensating algorithm has been newly developed and compared for its performance in damage visibility improvement.
Another reason for the visibility of the damage is that there is no back surface field at the edges, which could passivate the damaged region.
The radome is generally a double-curvature structure, and thus, a curvature compensation algorithm is also developed to increase damage visibility.
Based on the order issued at the outset of the operation to avoid action with a force equal in strength to his own, poor visibility, and the damage to his flagship, Kummetz decided to abort the attack.
