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British researchers gave blood tests to 184 people over 65 to establish whether they had antibodies to influenza virus strains.
Some vaccines were made from H5N2 virus strains, and their ability to protect against H5N1 may have faded.
The vaccine for the 2015 16 season in the northern hemisphere includes H1N1, H3N2 and B virus strains – closely related to those circulating among people.
That is because of the length of time needed to grow the chosen virus strains in eggs and then manufacture huge quantities of the vaccine.
It showed that some I.S.A. virus strains in Chile diverged from Norwegian strains around 1996.
The figure was 28 out of 30 patients with two other virus strains.
"But at the point of transmission, you're only exposed so a few virus strains.
Specifically, the role of circulating, superinfecting virus strains is unknown.
These patients are infected by replication competent virus strains.
Three influenza A virus strains were also compared.
These findings suggested that the neutralizing antibodies showed lower neutralization efficiency to highly virulent virus strains than lowly virulent virus strains and strong cross-neutralizing reaction between virus strains located in different phylogenetic lineages.
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