According to the declaration of the RKI and DVV the preparations have "limited virucidal activity" and can be considered active against all enveloped viruses relevant to human medicine.
By testing three commonly-used alcohol-based hand rubs containing at least 75% alcohol, we were able to show that the data obtained with vaccinia virus and BVDV indicated that the preparations are also active against other enveloped viruses relevant to human medicine.
However, research tends to focus more on the coevolution of vertebrates (and plants) and their viruses than on invertebrates and their viruses, and relevant genetic data on viruses and antiviral resistance are lacking for almost all invertebrate phyla.
While this usefulness has been demonstrated in our study with influenza A viruses of the H5 and H7 subtypes, it should be applied also to other influenza A virus strains relevant to animal and public health, in particular, those of subtypes H1, H2, H3, and H9.
Thus, activation of the immune responses by vaccination with recombinant viruses expressing relevant antigens derived from other pathogens or tumors is a promising approach for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and cellular malignancies.
It has been known for several months that bats in Africa and Eastern Europe carried viruses related to MERS, but the relevant virus had not been found in Middle Eastern bats before.
However, we were looking for epidemiologically relevant virus amounts associated with a clearly positive reaction; even in the case of a low virus load, we would have expected the animals to be seropositive.
