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In Jurkat and other cells, DNA plasmid vectors containing Epstein Barr virus origin of replication (EBV OriP) and the EBV nuclear antigen-1 gene mediate prolonged episome retention in the host cell nucleus, which, however, diminishes over time.
► Of the 58 co-authors on the Ebola paper published online this week at Science, "Genomic surveillance elucidates Ebola virus origin and transmission during the 2014 outbreak," five have died from the disease.
Neither virus' origin is clear, although the odds are in favor of wildlife being responsible for MERS, William Karesh, vice president for health and policy at EcoHealth Alliance, noted in a blog at The Huffington Post on Wednesday.
Namely, the 2009 pdm influenza A(H1N1) virus possesses PB2 and PA genes of North American avian virus origin, a PB1 gene of human H3N2 virus origin, HA (H1), NP, and NS genes of classical swine virus origin, and NA (N1) and M genes of Eurasian avian-like swine virus origin [7], [8].
It was determined that the virus possesses the polymerase basic-2 (PB2) and polymerase A (PA) genes of North American avian virus origin, the polymerase basic-1 (PB1) gene of human H3N2 virus origin, the hemagglutinin (HA), nuclear protein (NP) and non-structural (NS) genes of classical swine origin and the neuraminidase (NA) and matrix (M) genes of Eurasian swine virus origin.
A characteristic of all virus origin theories is that virus genomes are thought of as considerably more fluid than those of eukaryotes and even prokaryotes, with their genetic material frequently swapped in and out during the course of evolution.
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Until 2000, the virus origins of all Marburg hemorrhagic fever (MHF) cases could be traced to eastern Africa.
What I also find intriguing about such chimeric viruses is how their discovery might impact our views on the timeline of virus origins as well as our attempts to devise higher levels of virus classification.
The authors link virus origins to one particular model of cellular origins and early evolution, the authors chose the scenarios by Martin, Muller, and Russell (see my references 1 & 2).
The viral genetic and phenotypic diversity documented in arthropods here therefore provides a new perspective on fundamental questions of virus origins, diversity, host range, genome evolution, and disease emergence.
The basic hypothesis presented in this manuscript is reasonable, well developed and provides a good alternative to the scenarios that describe virus' origins as genes escaped from cellular organisms.
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