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The former bacterium is a representative of pathogens highly virulent towards insects, but apathogenic against men.
Most of the P. infestans isolates used for late blight resistance assessments were of A1 mating type and virulent towards the 11 S. demissum Rpi-genes.
They also show that the S. aureus atl mutant is less virulent towards Drosophila in vivo (as previously reported by another paper, Tabuchi et al).
E. coli cells expressing the tccC1 homologue of X. nematophila became highly virulent towards G. mellonella, underlining the hypothesis that TccC1 toxin complex might play a major role in virulence [ 46].
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In Norway the police had a virulent attitude towards women selling sex, and sex workers felt that reporting violence to the police was in itself dangerous because it attracted police attention.
But its topical relevance is hammered home in virulent fashion towards the end, as Green's story of kinder trains rescuing Jewish children from the Nazis suddenly explodes in a discordant cacophony of electronics, strobe lighting and furious ranting that leaves no room for doubt about parallels with the modern refugee crisis.
These closely related Pythium spp. exhibited a varying degree of virulence towards aerobic rice seedlings, among which P. arrhenomanes was the most virulent and inflicted a strong pre- and post-emergence damping-off, and stunting of rice shoots, while P. graminicola was less virulent and P. inflatum is nonpathogenic in vivo.
For example, in Photorhabdus, mutational inactivation of phoP gene results in increased sensitivity to insect immune response and decreased virulence towards insects [ 6, 7], while in X. nematophila, phoPQ mutants are more susceptible to immune response but are fully virulent [ 3].
As disease severity is partly associated with expression of particular var gene subtypes, manipulation of the IE environment may serve as a mechanism to direct transcription towards less virulent genes.
Based on differential gene expression in susceptible and resistant lines of chickens, we identify potential candidate genes for disease resistance towards IBV (virulent M41 strain).
To test this we carried out pairwise binomial tests for each time point which indeed showed that towards the end of the assay the 4 most virulent isolates differed significantly in virulence from the ancestral population, with no lines being significantly less virulent than the ancestral line (Fig. 2; Additional file 1: Table S3).
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