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Within any individual co-infected host, a virulent strain may have a short-term advantage and tend to displace a less virulent competitor, but its overall fitness is reduced when the host is treated with antibiotics or removed from the population.
An earlier study of simultaneous and sequential multiple infections of Daphnia magna using three isolates of its obligate parasite Pasteuria ramosa suggested that the most virulent competitor produced most transmission stages [ 19].
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Moreover, if more virulent parasite strains are more often better competitors, frequent multiple infections will lead to higher levels of virulence [ 13].
Each virulent isolate was paired with an avirulent isolate as a competitor (Pairs A-J, Table 1).
In particular, the additional tests (pairs E, F) showed that the low performance of the virulent isolates was independent of the identity of the avirulent competitor.
Virulent immune-provoking behaviours and enhanced immune resistance have been proposed as tactics adopted by invading pathogens to eliminate competitors (Brown et al. 2008).
The disease is virulent.
There is still virulent opposition.
It could be a particularly virulent infection.
Nobody outdoes him in virulent passion.
Some virulent hatred, and much more love.
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