Dopaminergic neurons project not only to the striatum but also the limbic system (mesolimbic projections) as well as the cortex (mesocortical projections), raising the possibility that manipulations of the dopaminergic system induce alternations in timing by virtue of effects at extra-striatal sites.
Isoflavones may also influence estrogen action by virtue of effects on enzymes involved in steroid metabolism, including aromatase (Rice et al., 2006), 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, steroid sulfatases and sulfotransferases (Lacey et al., 2005), potentially resulting in alterations of circulating estrogens.
Having thus demonstrated that Ft Ds binding can be measured in vivo by virtue of the effects that binding has on protein mobility and stability, we next sought to understand the effects of Fj on Ft Ds binding.
Below a steric exclusion threshold, pore size controls energies by virtue of confinement effects.
In some cases, moreover, the safety rods have an automatic feature, such as a fuse, which releases them by virtue of physical effects independent of electronic signals.
It isn't so much that there is a particular kind of action that is intrinsically wrong; actions that are wrong are wrong simply in virtue of their effects, thus, instrumentally wrong.
We can only perceive a spatially distant tree by virtue of its effects on items in our vicinity (light reflected off the tree impinging on our retinas), but this is not seen by those who espouse a direct realist theory of perception as incompatible with their position.
17-AAG, by virtue of its effects on multiple signal transduction pathways, may therefore overcome resistance to molecular targeted therapy.
Another possibility is that mechanical ventilation, by virtue of its effects on cytokine release (biotrauma), may alter bacterial growth patterns [ 54, 55].
Thus, the two SNPs, +837 T > C (rs5275) and −765 G > C (rs20417), alter COX-2 protein levels by virtue of their effects on transcription and mRNA stability of COX-2 and modulate the degree and extent of inflammatory responses, contributing to individual variations in susceptibility to oral cancer [ 16].
Mediators of increased CrT1 expression may be IGF-1 and triiodothyronine, both of which are up-regulated during pregnancy [ 35, 36], and both of which have been shown to increase CrT1 expression and creatine uptake in skeletal myoblast cells by virtue of their effects on the Na+ transmembrane potential [ 37].
