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Entomologists must also discern how efficiently each mosquito transmits its viral cargo.
Interaction of viral particles with APP-containing membranes is not without functional consequence: APP-mRFP particles travel more slowly in infected than in un-infected cells, even without detectible viral cargo, and APP is mis-localized in HSV1-infected cells.
To label the trans-Golgi network (TGN), we transfected cells with a fluorescent variant of the viral cargo protein VSVG, and used a 20°C temperature-block to prevent its exit from the TGN.
Sorting of viral cargo occurs in the EE or LE.
This study utilized a sucrose flotation gradient assay to track endocytosed viral cargo through the EEs and LEs via subcellular fractionation (Fig. 1).
In addition, the size of the viral cargo can be restricted due to the necessary inclusion of viral packaging components and limited size of the viral capsid.
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Massive relocation of PTBP1 from the nucleus to the cytosol of CVB-infected beta cells accounts for the availability of PTBP1 in amounts sufficient to support simultaneously the translation of both viral and granule cargo transcripts.
The third major region of the Rev protein, the Nuclear Export Signal, is a short peptide motif that interacts with a nuclear transporter called Crm1, thereby indirectly tagging the viral RNA as a cargo destined for export from the nucleus.
Other cargos (mainly viral) function as transactivators of genome transcription (EBNA-1), or like SV40 T-large antigen, bind to important cellular proteins such as p53 and retinoblastoma protein (pRb), and thereby are capable of transforming a variety of cell types.
As controls, shRNA (AAV.shRNA. Gfp), viral vector expressing non-specific cargo (AAV. Gfp), or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was injected into the subretinal space.
During endosomal trafficking, MHC I proteins are exposed to the acidified endosomal environment and mixture of internalized cargo molecules, including viral peptides, which also allows peptide sampling in the endosomal system and presentation of exogenous antigens (known as cross-presentation).
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