The peace deal raised hopes that the chronically violent but resource-rich southern Philippines might join the northern parts of the country in historic levels of economic growth and prosperity.
Additionally, those who are most likely to be incarcerated are also more likely to come from impoverished backgrounds, to have been victims of crime, live in violent, low-resource neighborhoods, and to have lower levels of educational attainment (Travis and Crayton 2009).
These are Fulani who are avoiding, mostly, non-violent natural resource conflicts and tensions arising from population increase and land pressure as well as antagonistic practices like the denial of herder access to land and water and the closure of cattle tracks and pastures by farmers.
Specifically, the study exemplifies the effects of violent conflict on resource access and utilisation, impacts on livestock markets, trade and inter-communal relations between the Turkana and Pokot communities of north-western Kenya.
And if Afghanistan's desperately degraded agricultural systems, particularly its use of water, were ever to be modernised, the violent tussle for resources might end anyway.
In a new report, "Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy," several World Bank economists, headed by Paul Collier, a professor at Oxford University, point out that, for developing countries with valuable natural resources, violent internal conflicts are often the norm rather than the exception.
Although our study did not quantify factors affecting mobility, field observations show that declining livestock mobility in the area is driven by a combination of factors, including increased individualization and disruption of social structures, increased competition and violent conflicts over resources, and lately the increased acquisition of land by investors following oil discovery.
Violent competition over scarce resources may erupt with or between emerging superpowers, such as China and India.
It said global warming was "shaping a world that is more unstable, resource-constrained, violent and disaster-prone".
The president said that "we are focusing our limited resources on violent offenders and people convicted of crimes".
