Conflict can impact levels of IPV through the disruption or destruction of protective structures for women, particularly kinship systems [ 25], as well as through the development of 'pro-violence' norms [ 7], an increase in economic problems that contribute to tensions within the family [ 25], and the psychological effects on men of their exposure to violent, distressing events.
The anti-violence norm has shaped Japanese foreign policy since 1945.
And yet, even when the topic is as elemental as male-female violence, our norms are changing: in the United States, laws against spousal violence were first enacted in the middle of the nineteenth century; laws against spousal rape are only a few decades old.
With violence the norm, executions can--and do--target grassroots leaders, human rights defenders, indigenous peoples, and rebellious youth under the cloak of the drug war.
But the sheer number of guns, as well as the weak national patchwork of laws intended to regulate them, has made epidemic levels of gun violence the norm.
This could include involving women in decision making, identifying opportunities for women to gain employment, and addressing violence and social norms that harmed women.
The disease has been driven by the three-pronged devil fork of poverty, violence and cultural norms.
For decades, a plethora of individuals and organizations have worked to change attitudes and beliefs around gender, gender-based violence and cultural norms.
Phillips and colleagues (1998) note that "external environmental factors reflect the economic climate, relative wealth, politics, level of stress and violence, and prevailing norms of the society".
This study assessed the impact of a community-based intervention, focusing on improving the community's knowledge and reducing social acceptability of violence against women norms with the goal to prevent and respond to sexual violence.
