Another strength in the current study is the use of the CTS2, a well-known violence instrument that is validated and used globally [ 17].
15 Most studies evaluating the psychometric properties of violence assessment instruments for use in men have focused on instruments assessing men's perpetration, 16 recidivism 17 or attitudes to violence.
However, several meta-analyses on the predictive validity of violence assessment instruments have found that structured clinical judgment and actuarial instruments perform at comparable levels of predictive accuracy [ 33, 34].
To assess childhood abuse and neglect we used the Checklist of Family Violence, an instrument used in previous studies in different countries and cultures [ 58, 59].
Although all currently used violence risk assessment instruments include criminal history items, we found that a number of the items included in these instruments may not contribute to the prediction of violence in schizophrenia.
In "ni die saa" (the title means "I do paint music" in Zapotec), which here received its world premiere by the fearless International Contemporary Ensemble, the musicians engaged in a rite of violence against their instruments in which the relatively muted sounds they produced were completely at odds with the furious effort expended.
Based on our findings, we suggest considering inclusion of mental retardation in future revisions of the violence risk assessment instruments.
The S-RAMM is also valuable because so much of the item content is not replicated in violence risk assessment instruments.
However, this is not reflected in any of the examined violence risk assessment instruments that do not directly take into account mental retardation as a diagnosis, but, instead, several of the other psychiatric diagnoses or risk factors.
Subtypes of tools performed similarly, lying within the 95% prediction region, with the possible exception of the SAVRY that produced higher levels of predictive accuracy than the other violence risk assessment instruments.
