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"Do they hate us that much now?" Now the scale of violence and, more important, the type of violence can increase to appalling heights of savagery with no consequent loss of support.
As the risk of gender-based violence can increase over time in camps due to disrupted family units and lost livelihoods, this is of growing concern.
The physical trauma of sexual violence can increase the risk of HIV transmission directly 1 3 and the psychological damage related to abuse can result in increased risk-taking behaviours, re-victimisation 4 7 and perpetration of sexual violence.
The third indirect pathway, which is also a potential explanation for the association between induced abortion, is that intimate partner violence can increase women's inability to negotiate contraceptive methods with her partner, which may lead to unintended pregnancy and thereby higher rates of induced abortions [ 16- 18].
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It renders girls and young women more vulnerable to intimate partner violence, including sexual violence, and can increase the risk of HIV.
Much of this can be attributed to inequality: Many women are not empowered to refuse sex or demand protection, and many are subjected to sexual exploitation or violence that can increase their vulnerability to the disease.
Finally, measuring the success or impact of structural interventions is complex, and the results of these interventions are not always consistent (for example, levels of reported violence can initially increase following a violence intervention due to violent reactions from established power structures, and increasing capability in violence reporting by FSWs) [ 25].
Similarly, while alcohol's pharmacological effect of disinhibiting behavior can increase violence, this, too, is affected by beliefs and personality.
Another issue that arises in the context of women's mental health and violence is the use of drugs, which can increase women's risk of exposure to violence in the community and with their partners.
In Pakistan [ 51], we found that simple but standardised measures during training of interviewers can increase disclosure about violence.
Moreover, placing women and children alongside extended family in evacuation centres can increase their exposure to violence and abuse.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com