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Although augmentation of humoral immune responses by LVA was comparable or might be slightly inferior to alum adjuvant (data not shown), LVA caused little toxicity, local inflammation or reactogenicity, whereas alum adjuvant induced vigorous inflammation, concurrent with skin rash and redness that were persistent for weeks.
The host responses to corneal herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) infection elicit vigorous inflammation and neovascularization [ 1– 3].
Previous experiment also indicated that vigorous inflammation is important in eliciting the immunosuppressive function of MSCs in vivo.
We found that Idh1-deficient hepatocytes at steady state contained high levels of ROS, and that further accumulation was promoted by vigorous inflammation.
Evidence suggests that increased expression of HO-1 can benefit the host in a variety of pathologic conditions, including inflammatory changes, whereas a deficiency in HO-1 expression is associated with vigorous inflammation, as demonstrated by studies of HO-1 knockout mice and observed in a patient with HO-1 deficiency [ 22, 23].
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This mechanism is shared by some autoinflammatory diseases, such as hyperimmunoglobulinemia D with recurrent fever syndrome, in which amyloidosis is rare despite vigorous, recurrent inflammation.
The expected vigorous neutrophilic inflammation was observed in the MSU-stimulated pouches from mice fed water, as reflected in a 26-fold rise in the leukocyte count of the pouch fluid.
Compared to wild type animals, FcγRIIb deficient mice mount a vigorous allergic lung inflammation characterized by increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cellularity, eosinophilia and mucin content upon ragweed extract (RWE) challenge.
The evaluation of tumour areas in pancreatic cancer is difficult, even with newer imaging techniques, because of a vigorous desmoplastic reaction, including inflammation and fibrosis within and around the tumour.
Although it is likely that the failure of many of the tested biomarkers was due to the very acute nature of this model, it does highlight the disconnection, or perhaps delay, of plasma biomarkers relative to vigorous onset of joint inflammation and destruction.
Above is observed in MSC-based therapy in vigorous inflammatory diseases, however, with chronic and insufficient inflammation, MSCs cannot rescue the tissue damage, even worsening the disease.
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