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The results indicate that the emotional factors progressed and gradually adopted an ICEBERG profile, a health model by Morgan, in which the dimensions of anger, depression, and fatigue decreased, vigor increased, and tension maintained high scores.
This may occur through several mechanisms including heterosis (hybrid vigor), increased genetic variation/novelty, and dumping of genetic load (Ellstrand and Schierenbeck 2000; Rieseberg et al. 2007).
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The similarity between the transcriptional response at the shoot apex to vigor increasing non-self rootstocks and in the shoot of vigorous hybrids could suggest that similar mechanisms are involved.
This could suggest that grafting with vigor increasing rootstocks induces a transcriptional response similar to that of hybrid vigor.
In the shoot apex, grafting with vigor increasing rootstocks also resulted in the up-regulation of many genes involved in DNA and chromatin modification and the down-regulation of many genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis.
Increased rootstock conferred vigor in apple trees has been associated with an increase in the number of genes up-regulated in the shoot [ 11]; this was also observed in this work on grapevine in which grafting with vigor increasing rootstocks triggered the up-regulation, rather than the down-regulation, of gene expression.
This includes the observation that vigor increases as the parents diverge genetically up to a point where the parent populations become incompatible [ 46] and hybrids between them are at a severe disadvantage, as well as demonstrating the difficulty of fixing the hybrid trait in a true-breeding line [ 45].
The introduction of hybrid crop varieties has enabled spectacular increases in productivity owing to hybrid vigor and increased uniformity.
The number of bolls in upper nodes and distal fruiting positions, the number of seeds per boll, seed area (SA) and seed vigor index increased with decreasing plant density.
10°C/1-48°h - (Bonnecarrère et al. [2011]) Survival rate Survival rate after cold treatment is calculated as the Number of surviving plants/Total number plants treated × 100 4°C/6 d 26°C/6 d (Zhang et al. [2011b]) Leaf emergence New leaf emergence demonstrates maintained vigor and increased growth.
Consequently, if the former are found to be more virus-resistant than the latter, it could be attributed to their overall vigor (and/or increased complement of innate and acquired immunity genes) rather than to acquisition of additional antiviral sequences.
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