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For ethyl butanoate, higher values than the parental range were recorded for 94% of the RILs, possibly reflecting a heterosis vigor effect.
Allele-specific expression may contribute to the heterosis (or hybrid vigor) effect in hybrid plants that are produced from crosses of closely-related species, subspecies and/or inbred lines.
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Indeed, laboratory populations of C. elegans face no or negligible inbreeding depression and crosses between laboratory strains show no heterosis (hybrid vigor) effects [ 4, 5, 7].
Vigor Force Recon QX4 [product site].
Finally, we suggest that tonic dopamine may be involved in the computation linking motivational state to optimal responding, thereby explaining the complex vigor-related effects of pharmacological manipulation of dopamine.
Here, in a Bruckner Sixth from 1976, he applies a more conventional vigor to exhilarating effect.
To properly control for hybrid vigor and strain effects, we replicated these experiments using single outcrossed mutant and controls lacking balancer chromosomes and maintaining heterozygosity of w, ve, and e in all mutants and in the control populations (see " Materials and methods" for details).
One of the possible reasons of the negative effect on vigor index by isolate CA332-73 could be caused by production of some metabolites like ethylene and abscisic acid.
44 In this study, only one of eight domains in POMS, ie, vigor showed significant intervention effect upon supplementation of PM.
Indeed, it has been proposed that reward might potentially exert its effects on vigor of response via dopamine [ 11, 32].
Hence, we hypothesised that low-dose DPAT would increase focus and add to the NAc lesion effects on vigor and satiety, yielding compulsive checking behavior.
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