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Animals use vigilance, time allocation, and apprehension as fear responses for reducing the likelihood of being killed by their predators.
Vigilance time was also significantly different between the three weeks (F2,312 = 7.08, P = 0.001).
Vigilance time differed significantly among groups (F2,44 = 8.35, P = 0.0008).
Although the presence of both the shrew and the field vole induced prepartum modifications to the burrow architecture, only nest predators caused an increase in vigilance time at burrow entrances during the sensitive nestling phase.
For example, within dominance hierarchies, individuals may differ in their predation risks, with subordinate individuals having greater risks than dominant ones – perhaps leading to increased vigilance time, or worse access to resources, such as observed by Ekman [ 108].
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As sensitivity toward the activity of conspecifics increases, individual vigilance times decrease with group size.
By determining the individual state of EEG-vigilance and measuring the performance on standard timing tasks, conclusions on the influence of vigilance on time perception could be drawn.
After that, Allen and Smith [ 31] examined the time-on-task effect within each individual performance task, confirming this effect on vigilance reaction time.
Meanwhile, police forces across the country continue to bust alleged fentanyl traffickers and issue warnings for public vigilance every time a pharmacy is raided.
We analyzed the following behaviors in elk and cattle comparing periods of wolf presence to periods before and after such visits: movements (speed and sinuosity), vigilance (using time spent head-up as index), tendency to group, and habitat use patterns.
As shown in Table 1, the three groups did not significantly differ on sex, race, age, baseline scholastic functioning or vigilance, or time between baseline and follow-up assessments.
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