Rosenzweig thus views speech as the unifying thread whose genesis accompanies the relational advance of God, world, and self from creation through revelation to redemption, and thus as an "organon" at our disposal for grasping these relations.
Machiavelli clearly views speech as the method most appropriate to the resolution of conflict in the republican public sphere; throughout the Discourses, debate is elevated as the best means for the people to determine the wisest course of action and the most qualified leaders.
To ensure the highest level of accuracy, we hold politicians accountable to their actions, analyzing candidates' voting records, public agenda, personal views, speeches, and more".
Most people view speech as a necessary bodily function.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation studies have shown that viewing speech enhances excitability in the articulatory motor cortex.
According to the traditional view, speech production and perception rely on motor and auditory brain areas, respectively.
Importantly, viewing linguistically meaningless mouth movements, i.e., gurns, does not activate these fronto-temporal regions as strongly as viewing speech movements (Campbell et al., 2001; Hall et al., 2005; Turner et al., 2009).
This result is also in line with findings from imaging studies showing increased inferior frontal activations when viewing speech compared to gurns (Hall et al., 2005; Turner et al., 2009).
If this enhanced excitability is speech-specific, viewing speech-related lip movements should excite the articulatory motor cortex more strongly than non-speech lip movements (i.e., gurns).
Murakami et al. (2011) also showed that listening to speech and viewing speech-related movements increased short-interval intracortical inhibition of lip MEPs using paired-pulse TMS.
Lip MEPs induced by left M1 stimulation during both speech conditions were significantly increased from baseline; listening to speech: t(7) = 2.18, p =.03; viewing speech-related lip movements: t(7) = 2.63, p =.02, whereas non-speech conditions did not differ from baseline; listening to environmental noise: t(7) = 1.46; viewing eye movements: t(7) = −0.19.
