In particular, Bok, like Dennett (see section 5.2), develops a viewpoint argument--or as she puts it, a standpoint argument.
For the users and the system (or users with other users) to negotiate the content of the learner model, there must be a way to agree and disagree with the other party's viewpoint or argument.
Whereas in America it is thought "that the state would be undermining its democratic legitimacy were it to discriminate against certain viewpoints" — an argument made by Ronald Dworkin in his essay — in France the state wants to make it clear that "racism has no place in collective self-determination".
Toulmin's work on reasoning has been influential (Toulmin [1958]) and a functional predicate analysis can represent such viewpoints and argument structures.
The national debate on this topic is so cumbersome, with various industries using different reporting methods and pointing to assorted proofs of its existence, while those with opposing viewpoints present arguments that there is no such thing as a skills gap -- the whole conversation is confusing and lacks clarity.
The objective is to inform decision makers (on various levels) about values, viewpoints, and arguments which appear to be important for actual decisions in context.
To make these choices a procedure is to be developed based on two starting points: 1) Transparency of the selection procedure to stakeholders and 2) Participation of stakeholders in the selection process, and consultation on their viewpoints and arguments.
This category covers the ability to use and process information in order to reach a decision, including the ability to take different viewpoints and arguments into account in one's decision-making.
Aslan spoke out against the message of Osteen and Jakes, who he called "charlatans" at the 2014 Indian Summer Festival, where Aslan expressed his viewpoint bluntly: "The argument of the prosperity gospel, if I can put it flippantly, is that Jesus wants you to drive a Bentley".
Evolving or honing any of these viewpoints has necessitated constant argument about the idea of America.
His method was ironic: to discredit the highfliers by writing as if from their viewpoint but reducing their arguments to absurdity.
