Furthermore, according to this view, metaphor is not merely the classification of familiar things under novel concepts.
As he explained it to me one day over lunch at a Berkeley cafe, students of the mind, going back to Aristotle, had always viewed metaphor simply as a device of language, a facile way of making a point.
Ancient philosophers and rhetoricians viewed metaphor as a temporary self-explanatory change in the usage of a general or singular term, typically a noun or noun phrase.
As previously noted, CMT views metaphor as the systematic structuring of an abstract experience in terms of one that is concrete and physical.
On this type of view on metaphor, a metaphorical utterance is one that represents the world as it needs to be in order to make the utterance pretense-worthy in a game of make-believe that it suggests.
However, the view of metaphor as systematic embodiment and the view of metaphor as being subject to culture-specific knowledge and preferences of conceptualization are not incompatible.
A pragmatic view of metaphor that explicitly addresses how the speaker strategically chooses metaphor and uses metaphorical entailments "to achieve particular communication goals within particular contexts" is necessary to account for the political function of metaphor (Charteris-Black 2004: 247).
(Wearing 2012 has recently criticized this kind of view on metaphor).
Morgan (2006) says about his approach in the book "It has a clear point of view: that metaphor is central to the way we "read," understand, and shape organizational life.
Systemic Functional Linguistics (Halliday 1973 , 1985 , 19931994; etc)., a socio-semiotic theory of language, views grammatical metaphor as a linguistic choice that is very unlikely to be acquired outside of the academic or professional setting for a number of reasons.
