In addition, the undergraduates sometimes saw approaching the postgraduates with a question as less risky than approaching the faculty head, perhaps because they viewed the faculty head as someone they wanted to impress.
She viewed the faculty head as the final "level" in the group's strata, and thus the ultimate role model.
Finally, one undergraduate viewed the faculty head's establishment of a strong culture of research and training within the group as influential: "Part of the great history of Carol's lab is that she has this tradition of having some really outstanding, successful Ph.D.s.
Such studies highlight viewing faculty members as collaborators, embedding rewards faculty value, and characteristics of effective faculty-development learning communities.
"He makes it quite plain that he views older faculty members as an encumbrance," said Richard C. Hatch, 63, a chemistry professor who has been on the faculty since 1962.
The traditional medical programme at the Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine is viewed by most Faculty staff (and probably the students) as having produced graduates who have become successful professional, politicians, administrators, specialists and researchers, both locally and internationally.
Also, if postgraduates view the faculty head's selection of them as a mentor as a validation of their knowledge, skills, and development as a scientist (Dolan and Johnson, 2009), a faculty head who chooses certain postgraduates as mentors may implicitly signal to others that they are somehow lacking.
The English faculty viewed doctoral candidates with suspicion - "they didn't know how to teach them, they regarded it as a German-American contrivance" - and even well-disposed dons were prone to murmuring of his written work: "A touch dazzling, wouldn't you say?" Even so, Steiner had a revelation after going down with pneumonia.
As a result, there are only small differences in the distribution of opinions: slightly more students than faculty viewed the implementation as poor or slight (13.9% vs. 12.4%), while slightly fewer viewed it as good (22.3% vs. 26.7%) or excellent (0.6% vs. 0.8%).
As such, specific features of organizational memory should not be viewed as determinants of faculty behavior but as factors that individuals negotiate while planning.
