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We tend to view diseases like tuberculosis (or cholera, as Sonia Shah points out in her new book, "Pandemic") as being confined to the poor, the dirty, the foreign, when in fact we are all one species and all equally at risk, which is why we have public-health laws in the first place.
It is common for scientists -- especially those who don't often work with patients -- to view diseases from the outside looking in.
In this view, diseases and other sufferings were sent as a chastisement, which people had to accept.
From an epidemiological point of view, diseases can best be explained by the accumulation of component causes.
Muslims believe in God "Allah", destiny "Qadar" and divine decree "Qada" as well as they view diseases as expiation for sins.
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These two groups oftentimes view disease at different scales: the former focused on individual health and the latter on population health (e.g., growth rates).
Patient adherence to treatment seems low and, at least in part, this seems to reflect traditional beliefs, from different sources, that view disease as a transient imbalance that, once corrected, does not require continuing treatment.
Lange views diseases as natural kinds of incapacities.
One commonly used model views disease in terms of susceptibility and exposure factors.
He knew well how to describe illness clearly and concisely and recorded failures as well as successes; he viewed disease with the eye of the naturalist and studied the entire patient in his environment.
Allostasis views disease not as the product of fundamental abnormality of given biological mechanisms but rather as the relative persistence or rigidity of system set points that renders systems (and the organism as a whole) less capable of dynamic adaptation.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com