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In our view, Autonomy could also be keen on breaking the now established quarterly share price cycle - not because it is especially interested in the share price but rather that the share price volatility, while a boon for 'shorts', has been difficult for the long institutions.
Recall that some theorists view autonomy as requiring minimal competence (or rationality) along with authenticity, where the latter condition is fleshed out in terms of the capacity to reflectively endorse (or not be alienated from) aspects of oneself.
These approaches view autonomy not solely as a property possessed by all competent adults but also as an aspirational achievement that requires moral development, social cooperation, and supportive institutions.
On this view autonomy is "achieved when the individual subjects the norms with which he or she is confronted to critical evaluation and then proceeds to reach practical decisions by way of independent and rational reflection" (Young 1986).
In this view, autonomy is not simply a matter of acting on one's preferences, even one's informed preferences.
The Ryff-scales on psychological well-being [ 56] represents aspects such as purpose in life, or from an environmental point of view, autonomy and environmental mastery.
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Dewey has also been seen as a source of inspiration for notions of participatory or deliberative democracy – and sometimes he reads like a forerunner of the German philosopher and social theorist Jürgen Habermas, who views autonomy and a particular talk-centred conception of democracy as mutually sustaining ideals for modern societies.
Viewing autonomy as an intrinsic value or as a constitutive element in personal well-being in this way opens the door to a generally consequentialist moral framework while paying heed to the importance of self-government to a fulfilling life (for discussion see Sumner 1996).
Again, Bentham would view liberty and autonomy as good — but good instrumentally, not intrinsically.
In her view, clinical autonomy is not merely "a functional necessity and leads to a degree of corporate autonomy" (1997, 347) nor are the two forms separate from one another.
While the procedure specifies a function of practical rationality, it does not commit to any specific view about autonomy.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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