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However, with regard to the coding efficiency, it is impractical to trace the rate variation at the video frame level.
The scheme is based on (1) the content type at the video frame level and (2) the content importance at the macroblock level, to reduce the impact of radio frequency noise and interference.
To reduce the impact of radio frequency noise and interference, this paper proposes adaptive modulation based on content type at the video frame level and content importance at the macroblock level.
Thus, from the application layer, it may be helpful to have a more precise importance scheme directly at the video packet level, instead of inheriting the importance from the video frame level, so that one can really keep more important video packets in AC[2].
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Finally, the video adaptation scheme dynamically adjusts video bitstream in frame level and object level.
In addition, Taiwan University has proposed a hybrid DVC (hybrid distributed video coding with frame level coding mode selection) architecture [7, 8], which is an extension of the state-of-the-art DVC (DISCOVER) codec.
In Figure 1, the input includes the current (gray-level) video frame I t and the previous (gray-level) video frame I t 1 of a bootstrapping video sequence, and the output includes the modeled background frame B t and the segmented foreground frame F t, where i denotes the frame number (index).
Preprocessing is a common name of operations with input video frame at the lowest level of observations.
For instance, ANVIL [6] is a free tool that allows video annotations at the frame level, that is, without any spatial information.
For simplicity, we assumed in this study that the packets associated with a specific video frame share the same importance level, i.e., the DVFI value of that video frame.
In order to compensate the effect by fast fading channels, the basic idea of our adaptive transmission schemes is to adjust the modulation level b (and, correspondingly, the data transmission rate) for every video frame, and the transmission signal power level for every packet to save energy.
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