Only the groups in which gestural or verbal teaching was allowed performed significantly above the reverse engineering baseline on several indicators of toolmaking skill, such as the total number of flakes produced that were long enough and sharp enough to be viable and the proportion of hits that resulted in a viable flake.
Measures of actual behaviour were not viable as the proportion that experienced either symptom over the study period was extremely small (1 2%).
Also the proportion of viable phenotypes accurately predicted to be viable (sensitivity) in S. pombe is comparable, though slightly lower than the study with S. cerevisiae.
The frequency of unreduced gametes in hybrids, as estimated from the proportion of viable giant pollen compared with total viable pollen (average 13.8%, Table 6) was much higher than estimates based on observations of sporads (average 1.32%, Table 4) in interspecific hybrids (p < 0.05).
Higher concentration of DCA (>25 mℳ significantly reduced (* P<0.05) the proportion of viable unstimulated-PBMC and marginally affected the proportion of viable PMA-PBMC relative to untreated cells.
Likewise, postmating postzygotic isolation was calculated as the proportion of viable seeds obtained from interspecific crosses relative to the proportion of viable seeds obtained from intraspecific crosses: Post postzygotic = 1 ‒ (% of viable seeds formed in interspecific crosses ) / (% of viable seeds formed in intraspecific parental crosses ).
Finally, the proportion of viable and nonviable spores may differ across the samples, and the proportion of the viable spores that can be cultured may also differ.
Although other types of chromosomal remodelling, such as inversions or centromeric fusions, may not affect the proportion of viable offspring to the same extent as reciprocal translocations, some effect on the proportion of viable gametes would still be expected since such modifications are known to disturb the phenomenon of chromosomal pairing that takes place during meiosis [ 51].
Treatment of engorged females with either antibiotic was associated with prolonged time to oviposition, lower proportions of ticks that hatched, lower proportions of viable larvae among total larvae, and lower numbers of viable larvae per tick.
When examined with estimators of fitness, treatment of engorged females with either of these antibiotics was associated with prolonged time to oviposition, lower proportions of ticks that hatched, lower proportions of viable larvae among total larvae that hatched, and lower numbers of viable larvae per tick.
