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In Drosophila, the lumen is formed via repulsion of distinct plasma membrane domains having basal characteristics, showing that the dorsal vessel also forms via basal cell surfaces.
The inserted side chain points directly toward the active site, where its negative charge may impede binding of β-lactams via repulsion against hydrophobic regions of the antibiotic or more simply alters the acylation chemistry that results in opening of the β-lactam ring by perturbing the electrostatic balance around the serine nucleophile.
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The resulting Cs0.33WO3 nanoparticles were stabilized in aqueous solution via electrostatic repulsion mechanism, owing to their electric double layer.
Integrity of these stable oil bodies was maintained via electronegative repulsion and steric hindrance possibly provided by their surface proteins.
Target bacteria binding aptamers were adsorbed to AuNPs' surface and prevented AuNPs from salt-induced aggregation via electrostatic repulsion.
This method creates a hydrophilic protective layer around the nanoparticles that is able to repel the absorption of opsonin proteins via steric repulsion forces, thereby blocking and delaying the first step in the opsonization process.
By grinding micro-sized coarse powder with grinding beads of 50 μm in diameter, the mean hydrodynamic diameter of Cs0.33WO3 powder could be reduced to about 50 nm in 3 h, and a stable aqueous dispersion could be obtained at pH 8 via electrostatic repulsion mechanism.
First, the negatively charged phosphate groups present on the oligonucleotides prevent aggregation of the nanoparticles via electrostatic repulsion.
Second, it is possible that NEDD8's E1 actively prevents ubiquitin binding via electrostatic repulsion, with UBA3's Arg190 repelling ubiquitin's Arg72.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is able to efficiently dissemble polymeric micelles via charge repulsion after insertion into the polymer micelle structure, which is often used to challenge the stability of the cross-linked micelles.
The properties of solutes are often relevant to the interactions with environmental (solvent) molecules via steric repulsions, electrostatic interactions, orbital interactions, exchange repulsions, and dispersion interactions.[ 1] A typical example is solvatochromism,[ 2] in which the interactions modulate the relative energy levels of the excited states.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com