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The LPS of B. pertussis and B. bronchiseptica are very stimulatory of TLR4 and TLR4 is required for their clearance [3].
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Similarly, BPH-1 cells responded to CT with very slight stimulatory effect on CD44v, and no effect on CD44 total.
Very recently, a stimulatory effect of FKBP51 on AR has been reported in prostate cancer cells [82], [83].
An α-gliadin derived 33-mer peptide (amino acid sequence LQLQPFPQPQLPYPQPQLPYPQPQLPYPQPQPF) was identified that encodes six partially overlapping T cell epitopes and has very potent T cell stimulatory properties [13].
However primary sequence disruption of the site would influence both PuF (repressive) and SP1 (stimulatory) interaction very strongly.
In conclusion, G-DC display very low T-cell stimulatory capacity and induce anergy in naïve T cells.
This high level of complexity [ 11, 12] and the fact that gliadin genes are inherited in blocks make conventional breeding approaches to obtain wheat varieties with reduced content of T-cell stimulatory epitopes very unlikely.
The large number of ITAMs is needed to augment the strength of the signal generated by the receptor even if only a very small number of stimulatory antigen/MHC complexes are presented by the APC [31].
Arsenic shows a complex dose response effect on glucocorticoid receptor mediated transcription (Bodwell et al. 2004), with a stimulatory effect at very low concentrations (6 120 ppb) and an inhibitory effect at doses greater than 120 ppb.
Such deactivation and reactivation profiles may be very important for specific estrogenic stimulatory effects because other hormones and regulators are known to operate in an oscillatory fashion through kinase inactivation (MacDonald et al. 1997) or protein degradation (Murray 2004).
The activation by the selective GPER agonist G1 is difficult to interpret because it caused a biphasic activation of ERK, being stimulatory only at very low concentrations (femtomolar to picomolar) but inactivating ERK at picomolar to nanomolar ranges.
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