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When a geomagnetic storm is under development, the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field recorded in the magnetograms (see Fig. 6) can be represented by very roughness functions, and accordingly the energy of the wavelet coefficients is significantly large.
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As a result by comparison with smooth substrates, which exhibited fouling within a day, very rough (roughness ratio >2.7) surfaces exhibited high resistance to fouling over a 6-month period.
There are three types of paper surfaces: hot-pressed (smooth), cold-pressed or not hot-pressed (some roughness), and rough (very rough).
The Aβ42 eye produces a very rough and small eye, with increased roughness and ommatidial fusion toward the posterior of the eye (Fig. 8C; 8C).
It is based on new very detailed roughness measurements.
Very low roughness was achieved when machining the UD with woven fabric surface CFRP composite.
To reach a small air gap that all VR-motors require, the microactuator's surface needs a very low roughness.
The etched structures significantly increased the steel's oil retention because of very high roughness and steep asperity.
Initially, when the coating has 10 bilayers it is possible to appreciate well-separated AgNPs with a very low roughness of 5.8 nm.
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements showed that STO films are continuous, dense, and smooth with very low roughness (between 5 and 7 nm).
Modification of surface by laser with high number of pulses and fluence led to creation of surface layers with huge valleys and very high roughness.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com