These results suggest that in a very recent generation of school children in the Netherlands, there was a small but significant cognitive deficit for twins aged 6 and 8.
In this case, the excess of rare alleles in Africans is compatible with neutrality under the following scenarios: (a) an exponential growth that started at least 2400 generations (∼60000 years) ago from the 0.001% of the current population size and (b) with a very recent expansion (∼200 generations, ∼5000 years) from the 0.0001% of the current population size.
We conclude that monitoring genetic erosion may be unfeasible and perhaps unnecessary when Ne (effective population size) exceeds several hundreds or the decline is very recent (a few generations), even when using many genetic markers.
For the demographic models considered here, tMRCA for a pair of chromosomes is on the order of 15,000 generations, and thus the very recent growth starting only 400 generations ago can lead only to a relatively small increase (File S1).
In cycads, a very recent population expansion about 200 400 generations, a slow evolutionary rate, and putative intramolecular recombination [data not shown; cf. [ 55]], may preclude mismatch distribution analyses from assessing recent population expansion.
A very recent study described the sophisticated generation of a Cre transgene in mice, which was fused to a mutant oestrogen ligand-binding domain and controlled by the murine vimentin promoter [ 135].
Women's access to education has been very recent – Shamsi is unusual among her generation in having a university degree.
Considering the harmonic mean values of effective size, the French populations seem more impacted than the Scottish ones and a very recent decrease was revealed in the last generations.
The dearth of genetic variability sampled in Apoyeque Midas cichlids is consistent with coalescence analyses that indicated a very recent founding of Apoyeque (approximately 100 years or generations ago) by a single colonization event.
Thankfully, despite the very patchy record of funded music education in schools in recent generations, there is still a strong and proud bedrock of enthusiastic amateur orchestral musicians in the UK.
The company has continued to update Beats devices, incorporating its W1 bluetooth chip into recent generations of products, but AirPods and HomePod are very clearly the face of the company's music hardware, moving forward.
