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His truss, with wooden diagonal members and iron vertical ties, was the most popular bridge design in the U.S. during the last half of the 19th century.
The tests show that vertical ties cause significant increase in seismic capacity in terms of both strength and ductility not only at yield but also at maximum.
Moreover, the combination of applying unbonded length and additional vertical ties could postpone the rebar buckling in SP1-R and SP3-R specimens, and subsequently the rebar rupture.
In SP3-R specimen which has additional vertical ties and more frequent transverse reinforcement, shear deformations in beam elements could be reduced reasonably.
Beneficial effects of vertical integration on financing and entry of cable programming networks should also apply to Internet video content development, but emergence since the 1970s of a robust programming supply industry with few vertical ties to cable suggests that such benefits will be less significant in the ISP case.
Moreover, significant differences can be found between horizontal and vertical relationships: (1) formal horizontal ties are much more likely to be disregarded than formal vertical ties, and (2) a significantly greater number of informal ties are built and maintained in a vertical rather than a horizontal direction.
Similar(52)
The accuracy of the theoretically calculated tension of the vertical tie (stirrup) and the horizontal tie (longitudinal steel) may strongly confirm the rationale of the present approach although the solution procedure is too complicated to be used.
However, Table 4 does not seem to indicate adequate support to this standpoint: the effect of such ties is so weak, if not nonexistent, that it is more like a horizontal connection and solidarity among ordinary workers rather than a vertical tie between workers and their managers.
It consisted of incorporation of horizontal and vertical steel ties in the bearing walls of the structure.
In this paper, a technique for seismic retrofit of unreinforced masonry walls is studied which comprises addition of two vertical steel ties on both edges of the walls.
Therefore, no further increase in the confinement effect is likely when headed bars are used as the horizontal and vertical cross ties.
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