Home Based Testing and Counselling (HBTC) is presently conducted as a vertical programme, with supervision carried out by Non Governmental Organisation (NGO) staff (although HBTC activities are supervised within each sub-county by district AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) coordinator who is a government employee).
Angola is currently pushing to integrate supervision across vertical donor programs, and Kenya uses a standard checklist that is specific to each level of service delivery.
However, according to them, the vertical programs have their own supervision system.
These relate to strategies of recruitment, deployment and retention of staff, human resource planning, decentralization of decision-making, human resource management and supervision, the role of vertical programmes, and the focus on and investment in training.
"Supervision must not just be vertical -- firm by firm or region by region -- but also horizontal, looking broadly across banks, securities firms, markets and geographies," Dudley said.
Considerable progress had been made already in both horizontal scale up (geographic expansion) and vertical scale up (institutionalization, such as, inclusion in norms, training, supervision, procurement, and reporting systems).
There are significant challenges in effective implementation of the HMIS including lack of human resources and the capacity for supervision and monitoring of data collected by different vertical programs [ 11].
During the final phases of deck erection and surfacing of the suspended spans of the Storebælt bridge, vertical deck oscillations of low frequency were observed by workers and supervision staff.
Certain characteristics of vertical programmes, such as clear objectives and work schedules and frequent supervision, are assumed to facilitate performance [ 124].
