This "vertical separation" of train and track has pushed up both fares and taxpayer subsidy.
Federal regulations require at least five miles of lateral separation and at least 1,000 feet of vertical separation.
Without huge government subsidies, vertical separation has been a failure everywhere it has been tried.
At midnight last night, the minimum vertical separation of aircraft in upper airspace was halved from 2,000 to 1,000 feet.
The vertical separation between the stator and rotor is created by the VEFE structure.
Yet such modest vertical separation from military engagements, albeit hurtling at more than 800km an hour, is routine for passenger jets.
The stronger incentives tend to be implemented under vertical separation in the presence of downstream Bertrand competition.
The bars have a vertical separation of 40 m, giving the full structure a height of about 900 m.
The model considers both the vertical separation level and horizontal separation level, making it a more comprehensive one.
The doctrine of vertical separation informed the reconstruction plans for the major bomb sites of the Barbican and Paternoster Square, both designed with towers emerging from podiums, threaded with pedestrian walkways.
We used a unit cell with 16 Au atoms per layer and optimized the vertical separation between the electrodes, relaxing the position of the molecular and tip atoms until all forces were <0.02 eV Å−1.
