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To obtain information on the degree to which a single country i is integrated in the network with respect to vertical interaction with adjacent nodes, we calculate a centrality coefficient.
The vertical interaction between a train and the track is calculated as a time history for single or multiple wheels moving on periodically supported rails, using a wavenumber-based approach.
The railway track is coupled to the ground through a series of rectangular strips located at the surface of the ground; their vertical interaction is described by a frequency-dependent dynamic stiffness matrix whose elements are represented by discrete lumped parameter models.
The lateral interactions in these simulations are chosen to be as equally strong as the vertical interaction.
This refers to the vertical interaction between different levels of government and to the horizontal interaction between governmental actors and actors outside the governmental system.
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This paper presents a model designed to study vertical interactions between wheel and rail when the wheel moves over a rail welding.
A wide range of neuroscientific studies suggest the existence of cognitive mechanisms like attention, prediction, anticipation and strong vertical interactions between different hierarchical layers of the brain while performing complex tasks.
In this paper, we propose an approach for semantic DW traceability that requires: (i) the formalization of each design phase, (ii) the identification of horizontal and vertical interactions (inside and between phases), (iii) their semantic definition, storage and usage.
In this case, one can distinguish between vertical interactions, Ev, of a deposited hydrogen atom to the substrate and lateral bonds, El, in case the atom is located near a protrusion.
However, while it was once believed that each layer of the hierarchy was fully determined by the layer above it, it is now known that such vertical interactions are insufficient to account for the expression patterns of their targets [ 13].
(53) Similar single layer arrays were also produced from dodecamers of gp10 with a peptide extension at the C-terminus which serves as a barrier for the vertical interactions (data not shown).
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