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Presacral vertebrae provided the lengths and representative heights of vertebral elements, but were not preserved with the lateral aspect visible in sufficient quantities to determine the exact curvature of articulation in the neck and back.
Less obvious but especially significant are numerous skull features, specializations of the Weberian apparatus in otophysans, configuration of the swim bladder, and fusions of vertebral elements.
The authors assumed that it would be possible to remove the retropulsed bone fragment by carving the pedicle with a high-speed drill without destroying the vertebral elements contributing to spinal stabilization.
The defect usually involves the posterior vertebral elements, although it can also involve the vertebral body itself.
However, degenerative disease of the spine is a complex pathology involving not only the vertebral bodies, the intervertebral discs and the facet joints but all the spinal elements (flaval ligaments, interspinous ligaments and posterior vertebral elements) as well.
In the spine, imaging studies may reveal variable vertebral involvement, ranging from isolated lytic lesions to a more significant vertebral collapse that involves the pedicles and posterior vertebral elements (vertebra plana), peridural spread and paraspinal soft tissue components [20, 25].
Similar(33)
In this way, it is not possible to distinguish the limits of each vertebral element.
Crotalus ericsmithi, which presumably diverged along with the remaining long-tailed rattlesnakes before the rapid increase in vertebral element incorporation into the style, has an exceptionally diminutive rattle string.
In this paper, we describe a numerical musculoskeletal model of the thoracolumbar spine with articulated ribcage, modeled as a system of individual vertebral segments, elastic elements and thoracic muscles, based on a previously established lumbar spine model and data from the literature.
This makes the vertebral bodies, posterior elements, and associated processes quite similar in shape and size.
However, the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS -Schwab Grade 4 oSRS -Schwabefined as resection of posterior elements, partial vertebral body, and superior adjacent disc, is rarely reported in the treatment of CK.
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