To examine the role of the handle in tail swinging, a hypothetical tail composed entirely of free caudal vertebrae is constructed.
Thirty-five case definitions for incident fractures of the hip, wrist, humerus, and clinical vertebrae were constructed using diagnosis codes in hospital data and diagnosis and service codes in physician billing data from Manitoba, Canada.
To model this vertebra, an additional, twelfth 'ideal' vertebra was constructed using the 'ideal' free caudal equations, and the volume was calculated as 865 cm3.
A human L3 L4 vertebra FEM model was constructed, in which the cancellous bone was separated, and surrounding ligaments were also taken into account.
The first template design uses a surface-to-surface registration method and was constructed by subtracting the vertebra from a rectangular prism and a cylinder with the proper orientation.
In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model of the L2-L3 disk vertebrae unit with 12 vertical fibers embedded into annulus fibrosis was constructed.
The ornithischian pelvis was constructed of the same three bones on each side of the sacral vertebrae, to which they were attached.
The FE spinal model, which was constructed by ANSYS 11.0 (ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg, PA) consisted of osseoligamentous L1 L5 vertebrae, intervertebral discs, endplates, posterior bony elements, and all 7 ligaments as shown in Figure 1(A).
If certain landmarks cannot be detected (e.g. in osteochondrosis between lumbar vertebra 5 and sacral vertebra 1, or scoliosis) within a certain computational time this landmark is ignored by the algorithm and the graphical network is constructed with the remaining landmarks.
Ankylosaurid caudal vertebrae are lightly constructed, resulting in a slender tail.
