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While we have yet to see any company come out with a truly effective and versatile translation device, some version of translation hardware has been in use by the US military since at least the Tsunami Relief effort where troops used translation modules to ask locals about their access to clean water and whether they had missing family members.
However, this primitive version of translation must have been quite sloppy and hardly could master production of anything beyond relatively short peptides.
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Once agreement was reached between the translators and the proper versions of translations were chosen for all 2,902 words, two other, independent translators proficient in the German language were asked to translate the list back from Polish to German, in order to check the validity of the translations.
A mechanism ensuring local language and appropriate versions of translations are used in the field is lacking.
Both the child and parent by proxy versions of the Norwegian translations of the KINDL and ILC can be used in surveys of community populations.
After excluding duplicates (several versions of one document, translations into English/Chinese, etc)., 97 documents most relevant to this study were examined in detail.
Both the child and parent versions of the Norwegian translations of the KINDL and ILC can be used in surveys of community populations, but in regard to the self-report of 9 10 years old children, only the KINDL total QoL scale or the ILC are recommended.
The survey was originally designed in English and was submitted to a Portuguese translation, which included two forward translations, one reconciled version and a back translation of the reconciled version.
Although it is acknowledged that there are many other jurisdictions that were worthy of inclusion in this review, limited resources required selection of those for which we had expertise in, and English versions or translations of regulations.
However, independently of which reduction approach one follows, there is one thing that would be very valuable, and which is rarely known in current versions of the methods: back-translation.
A Dutch translator with experience in biomedical sciences but unaware of the original versions performed a backward translation of the German version into the source language (Dutch).
Write better and faster with AI suggestions while staying true to your unique style.
Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com